COFFEE RISK - Coffee consumption linked to increased risk of heart attack for persons with certain gene variation. Drinking coffee may increase heart attack risk in people whose gene make them slow caffeine metabolizers, showed a study in Costa Rica to be published in Wednesday's Journal of American Medical Association. Individuals who have a genetic variation associated with slower caffeine metabolism appear to have an increased risk of non-fatal heart attack associated with higher amounts of coffee intake, according to a study in the March 8 issue of JAMA. Study authors recommended to limit coffee drinking to no more than four cups a day.

Studies examining the association between coffee consumption and risk of myocardial infarction (MI – heart attack) have been inconclusive. Coffee is a major source of caffeine, which is the most widely consumed stimulant in the world and has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack, according to background information in the article. However, coffee contains a number of other chemicals that have variable effects on the cardiovascular system. It is not clear whether caffeine alone affects the risk of heart attack or whether other chemicals found in coffee may be responsible. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) in the liver.

Coffee Risk caffeine metabolism tied to heart attacks

People without the mutation can drink as much coffee as they wish with no added risk of a heart attack, scientists said. Unfortunately for coffee drinkers, there's no commercial test for the mutation, and staying awake all night if you drink coffee during midday doesn't mean you're a slow metabolizer.

Variations of the gene for this enzyme can slow or quicken caffeine metabolism. Carriers of the gene variant CYP1A2*1F allele are "slow" caffeine metabolizers, while individuals with the gene variant CYP1A2*1A allele are "rapid" caffeine metabolizers.

Marilyn C. Cornelis, B.Sc., of the University of Toronto, and colleagues conducted a study to determine whether gene variations of CYP1A2 modifies the association between consumption of caffeinated coffee and risk of nonfatal heart attack. The study involved 2,014 men and women aged 58 on average who had had a nonfatal heart attack between 1994 and 2004, and another 2,014 healthy people in a control group. Researchers used genetic tests of blood samples to differentiate slow- and fast-metabolizers : The study included 2,014 case patients with a first acute nonfatal heart attack and 2,014 controls, living in Costa Rica between 1994 and 2004. The genotypes of the participants were determined. A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the intake of caffeinated coffee.

Fifty-five percent of cases (n = 1,114) and 54 percent of controls (n = 1,082) were carriers of the slow *1F allele. For carriers of the slow *1F allele, those who drank 2 to 3 cups of coffee a day had a 36 percent increased odds of heart attack; those who drank 4 or more cups per day had a 64 percent increased odds of heart attack. Corresponding consumption for individuals with the rapid *1A/*1A genotype resulted in the reduced odds of heart attack by 22 percent and 1 percent, respectively.

Younger individuals showed an increased risk. Among the slow metabolizers, the risk associated with drinking 4 cups/d or more compared with less than 1 cup/d increased from 2-fold for individuals younger than 59 years to more than 4-fold for those younger than 50 years.

"In summary, consistent with most case-control studies, we found that increased coffee intake is associated with an increased risk of nonfatal MI. The association between coffee and MI was found only among individuals with the slow CYP1A2*1F allele, which impairs caffeine metabolism, suggesting that caffeine plays a role in the association," the authors conclude.

Other medical data on coffee: Known for centuries, coffee is a drink at the same time criticized and extolled for its virtues. Can he be productive dependent? Does it protect certain diseases? What doses should not you exceed? Coffee is an empty drink of calorie before adding it some sugar, some milk, some honey Consumed in extreme quantity, it augments the urinary excretion of water, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, what augments the losses of these mineral. The tannins of coffee diminish the absorption of iron. The consumption of coffee augments provision in water. 1 cup brings 15 % of the nutritional provisions recommended in vitamin PP. On the other hand numerous studies showed virtues health of coffee. Intellectual stimulant par excellence, he allows to remain vigilant in the steering wheel, and to concentrate in the office. But he could also play a protective role in several diseases, of Parkinson in certain cancer. Coffee would notably have a protective effect on the appearance of the symptoms of the illness of Parkinson. A huge inquiry épidémiologique1 led for thirty years to more than Hawaiian 8 000 grants in the caffeine (also present in tea, chocolate-flavoured drinks or drinks based on coca extract) protective virtues proportional to the ingested dose. A second study compared the habits of life of 200 "parkinson men" sick in those of the population witness. Results: the American researchers noticed a delay of the appearance of the symptoms of illness at the big alcoholics of coffee . Although concluding in an association conversely proportional between the consumption of coffee and the appearance of disturbances, the authors remain careful as for their interpretation. They think that other studies will have to be led before affirming this protective effect of coffee . Coffee is the most consummate drink in France, just after water.

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